The dolphin FRESH protocol: Visual Freshwater-Related Evaluation of Skin Health in free-ranging bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops spp.)
- Skin health
- Freshwater exposure
- Environmental change
Abstract
Exposure to freshwater is a pressing health issue for coastal bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops spp.). Environmental changes, including increased precipitation events and coastal infrastructure projects, are altering salinity within estuarine systems. Consequently, understanding effects of freshwater exposure on dolphins and developing tools to evaluate related health conditions is urgent. To address this need, a group of veterinarians, pathologists, epidemiologists, natural resource managers, and field biologists convened to create a protocol to visually assess freshwater-related skin lesions in free-ranging bottlenose dolphins. The Dolphin FRESH (Freshwater-Related Evaluation of Skin Health) Protocol guides users without medical backgrounds to screen and evaluate photographs by focusing on the visual identification of three primary indicators of freshwater skin disease: Overgrowth, Target-like Lesions, and Light Discoloration. By determining presence of the primary indicators and scoring associated characteristics, FRESH provides users with a relative assessment of the severity of these skin anomalies, and metrics to track progressive changes. The Scoring Rubric performed well during systematic testing, with evaluators correctly identifying freshwater cases through recognition of primary indicators and with no significant differences in total severity scores between field biologists and medical experts. FRESH is an important step in advancing knowledge on the effects of salinity fluctuations on dolphin health. When applied to photo datasets over time, this tool will enable researchers and managers to evaluate progression and regression of freshwater skin disease, occurrence and effects of multiple exposures, and the relationship between freshwater exposure skin indicators and health and survival outcomes.
Fazioli, K. L., Toms, C. N., Takeshita, R., Quackenbush, A., Greig, D., Rowles, T., Schwacke, L., Colegrove, K., Ewing, R. Y., Fauquier, D., Boyd, D., Bouwkamp, A., Duignan, P., Fougeres, E., Hart, L., McDaniel, S., Morgan, T., Sinclair, C., Speakman, T., … Mintzer, V. J. (2026). The dolphin FRESH protocol: Visual Freshwater-Related Evaluation of Skin Health in free-ranging bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops spp.). Frontiers in Marine Science, 13, 1743541. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2026.1743541
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{"image":"\/People\/Portrait\/cropped-images\/PD_Gray whale Pacifica_IMG_0552-0-0-1270-992-1775170630.jpeg","alt":"Padraig Duignan","title":"P\u00e1draig Duignan","text":"Senior Director, Research Pathology","link_url":"https:\/\/www.marinemammalcenter.org\/person\/padraig-duignan","link_text":"Read Bio"}
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