Skip to main content
three California sea lions being released into the ocean

The Toxic Effects of Environmental Domoic Acid Exposure on Humans and Marine Wildlife

  • Domoic acid

Abstract

Biotoxins produced by harmful algal blooms (HABs) are a substantial global threat to ocean and human health. Domoic acid (DA) is one such biotoxin whose negative impacts are forecasted to increase with climate change and coastal development. This manuscript serves as a review of DA toxicosis after environmental exposure in humans and wildlife, including an introduction to HAB toxins, the history of DA toxicosis, DA production, toxicokinetic properties of DA, susceptibility, clinical signs, DA detection methods and other diagnostic tests, time course of toxicosis, treatment, prognostics, and recommendations for future research. Additionally, we highlight the utility of California sea lions (CSLs; Zalophus californianus) as a model and sentinel of environmental DA exposure.


Krasner, A.E., Martinez, M.E., Field, C.L. and Fire, S.E., 2025. The Toxic Effects of Environmental Domoic Acid Exposure on Humans and Marine Wildlife. Marine Drugs, 23(2), p.61. https://doi.org/10.3390/md23020061. Open access. Published January 29, 2025.

domoic acid
Cara Field
Maggie Martinez
domoic acid, california sea lions, biotoxins, toxicosis, DA, DA toxicosis, domoic acid toxicosis, harmful algal blooms, biotoxin, marine wildlife, amnesic shellfish poisoning, glutamate receptor, sentinels

Meet The Experts

Related Publications

Related News